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Monday, April 20, 2009
Bible online
Thursday, April 16, 2009
Drugs in concentrations
Drugs in concentrations
When a substance is dissolved in a liquid it forms a solution. The volume of a solution is expressed in litres or millilitres. 1litre = 1000mls.
The substance dissolved is known as the solute. The amount of solute in a solution is expressed as a concentration. The amount of solute may be described by its mass (grams or milligrams per litre) or by its amount (moles per litre or millimoles per litre).
If the solute has a known chemical formula eg. salt (NaCl), then it is preferable to use mol/l or mmol/l. If the solute does not have a defined chemical composition (such as a protein), then mg/l or g/l is used.
Some solutions such as local anaesthetics and thiopentone that are used in anaesthesia on a daily basis are expressed as a percentage eg. lignocaine 2% and thiopentone 2.5%. When using drugs prepared in this way it is necessary to calculate the number of mg in ml of solution. This is easiest done by multiplying the percentage of the solution by 10:
- 2% lignocaine x 10 = 20mg/ml
- 0.5% bupivacaine x 10 = 5mg/ml
- 2.5% thiopentone x 10 = 25 mg/ml
The maths behind this calculation is as follows:
- A 2.5% solution means that there is 2.5g of thiopentone in 100ml:
2.5g in 100ml
= 2500mg in 100ml
= 25mg in 1 ml (25mg/ml)
Some solutions such as adrenaline (epinephrine) may be expressed as 1:1000 or 1:10 000 or 1:100 000. This means that in a 1:1000 adrenaline ampoule there is one part adrenaline to 1000 parts solution. To work out how many milligrams of adrenaline are present:
Thursday, April 09, 2009
When Three Old Men Bring Wisdom To Your Doorstep
She did not recognize them.
She said “I don’t think I know you, but you must be hungry. Pleasecome in and have something to eat.”
“Is the man of the house home?” they asked.
“No”, she replied. “He’s out.”
“Then we cannot come in”, they replied.
In the evening when her husband came home, she told him what hadhappened.
“Go tell them I am home and invite them in!”
The woman went out and invited the men in.
“We do not go into a house together,” they replied.
“Why is that?” she asked.
One of the old men explained: “His name is Wealth,” he saidpointing to one of his friends, and said pointing to another one,“He is Success, and I am Love.” Then he added, “Now go in anddiscuss with your husband which one of us you want in your home.”
The woman went in and told her husband what was said.
Her husband was overjoyed. “How nice!!” he said. “Since that’s thecase, let’s invite Wealth. Let him come and fill our home withwealth!”
His wife disagreed. “My dear, why don’t we invite Success?”
Their daughter was listening from the other corner of the house.She jumped in with her own suggestion: “Would it not be better toinvite Love? Our home will then be filled with love!”
“Let us heed our daughter’s advice,” said the husband to his wife.
“Go out and invite Love to be our guest.”
The woman went out and asked the 3 old men, “Which one of you isLove? Please come in and be our guest.”
Love got up and started walking toward the house. The other 2 alsogot up and followed him. Surprised, the lady asked Wealth andSuccess: “I only invited Love, why are you coming in?”
The old men replied together: “If you had invited Wealth orSuccess, the other two of us would’ve stayed out, but since youinvited Love, wherever he goes, we go with him. Wherever there isLove, there is also Wealth and Success!“
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